Push Notifications
Mobile
Note! If the user disable notifications and background refresh even silent notifications will not work
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30644343/is-silent-remote-notifications-possible-if-user-has-disabled-push-for-the-app
Android
GCM has been replaced by FCM
https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/
Web
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Notification
Best solution
Sockets while the user is online.
Push Notification when the user is offline